Lithium use is NOT associated with increased risk of ??

Q: Lithium use is NOT associated with increased risk of:
(a) Hyperparathyroidism
(b) Hypothyroidism
(c) Reduced Urinary Concentrating ability
(d) Congenital Malformation
(e) Weight Gain

i think the answer is none
lithium causes hypothyroidism
in majority of cases it impairs renal concentrating abilities by both structural and functional changes
weight gain is a common adverse effect may be due to effect of lithium on carbohydrate metabolism
lithium can cause hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism by several possible mechanisms like antagonism of calcium sensing receptors and direct stimulation of parathyroid hormone production
it's pregnancy cat D and teratogenic risk of lithium is still greater than that found in general population

Good answer Adisuper, but answer is (d) Congenital Malformation.

Actually I totally agree with your answer, but reason for posting this question is this recent meta-analysis published in Lancet few months ago:
Source: Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012; 379: 721–28.

Interpretation of this article:
- Lithium is associated with increased risk of reduced urinary concentrating ability, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and weight gain.
- There is little evidence for a clinically significant reduction in renal function in most patients, and the risk of end-stage renal failure is low.
- The risk of congenital malformations is uncertain; the balance of risks should be considered before lithium is withdrawn during pregnancy.
- Because of the consistent finding of a high prevalence of hyperparathyroidism, calcium concentrations should be checked before and during treatment.

Contact me if anyone is interested in full article or have difficulty getting access to full article.

Post your views on this interpretation. Thanks